Rest of this book, chapter 10 – 15 gave me some insights philosophical thinking in the theory of science. For me this last part is interesting, because author gradually revealed his purpose and messages what he wants to give us. Finally author combined three ideas, Empiricism, Naturalism, and Scientific realism, to become one big idea to describe how science works as Kuhn’s assertion arguing that science cannot be described by any kind of simple empiricist formula, because science is a much more complicated machine than traditional empiricism ever imagined.

To reach this conclusion author explained about the Naturalism whose idea is that philosophy use result from the sciences to help answer philosophical questions and can do this even in the philosophy of science itself. And it discussed about the role of observation in science giving arguing example from Hanson, Kuhn, and Feyerabend. They insist that observation cannot function as an unbiased way of testing theories, because observational judgments are affected by the theoretical beliefs of the observer. However Empiricist still persist that even though there is a lot of complexity in the world, basic ideas of Empiricism capture the most fundamental features of how science works. Author also talked about reward scheme. One of interesting arguments is Strevens’ assertion arguing that payoff is given only if a research program solves the scientific problem, and the pie is shared unequally among those working on the successful program. He claimed that worker who joined early and made a big difference to the program’s chance of success get more than workers who joined late and made little difference.